The effects of manipulation on ligaments and fascia from a fluids model perspective

This paper looks at the literature concerning the effects of manipulation on ligaments and fascia from a fluids model perspective. The osteopathic literature from Drs. Still to O'Connell discussed the clinical effects of manipulation of the fascia and ligaments. The basic science literature describes the effects of trauma to the fascia and other connective tissues. In animal research, there have been studies which look at the effects of immobilization of ligaments and fascia, as well as studies that look at the effects manipulation has on joints following trauma and immobilization. The current literature also reports that changes in the structure of the tissues of the body change the structure of the endoskeleton of the cell. Such endoskeletal changes actually alter gene expression and metabolism of the individual cell. By manipulating the connective tissues of the body we can bring about significant changes on all levels.