TY - JOUR
T1 - The association of free testosterone levels in men and lifestyle factors and chronic disease status
T2 - A north Texas healthy heart study
AU - Cardarelli, Roberto
AU - Singh, Meharvan
AU - Meyer, Jason
AU - Balyakina, Elizabeth
AU - Perez, Oscar
AU - King, Michael
N1 - Funding Information:
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health (P20MD001633) and Health Disparities (NIMHD) and NIH Loan Repayment Program.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 The Author(s).
PY - 2014/1/1
Y1 - 2014/1/1
N2 - Purpose: Hypogonadism is highly prevalent in men older than 45 years and is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet, and exercise are associated with reduced testosterone levels. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 147 men older than 44 years were recruited from a collaborative network of primary care clinics in the Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas, metropolitan area. Free testosterone levels were measured in plasma samples via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay–based method, and analyzed by simple and multiple linear regression in relationship to age, race/ethnicity, smoking, diet, exercise, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Results: The participants had a mean free testosterone level of 3.1 ng/mL (standard deviation [SD] = 1.5) and mean age of 56.8 years (SD = 7.9). In simple regression analysis, free testosterone levels were associated with increased age (β = −0.04; P = .02), diet (β = −0.49; P = .05), diabetes (β = −0.9; P = .003), and hypertension (β = −0.55; P = .03) but not with race/ethnicity, smoking, exercise, obesity, or dyslipidemia. In multiple regression analysis, free testosterone values were significantly associated only with age (β = −0.05; P = .01) and diet (β = −0.72; P = .01). Conclusions: This study implicates diet, in addition to advanced age as a possible risk factor in the development of reduced testosterone levels.
AB - Purpose: Hypogonadism is highly prevalent in men older than 45 years and is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet, and exercise are associated with reduced testosterone levels. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 147 men older than 44 years were recruited from a collaborative network of primary care clinics in the Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas, metropolitan area. Free testosterone levels were measured in plasma samples via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay–based method, and analyzed by simple and multiple linear regression in relationship to age, race/ethnicity, smoking, diet, exercise, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Results: The participants had a mean free testosterone level of 3.1 ng/mL (standard deviation [SD] = 1.5) and mean age of 56.8 years (SD = 7.9). In simple regression analysis, free testosterone levels were associated with increased age (β = −0.04; P = .02), diet (β = −0.49; P = .05), diabetes (β = −0.9; P = .003), and hypertension (β = −0.55; P = .03) but not with race/ethnicity, smoking, exercise, obesity, or dyslipidemia. In multiple regression analysis, free testosterone values were significantly associated only with age (β = −0.05; P = .01) and diet (β = −0.72; P = .01). Conclusions: This study implicates diet, in addition to advanced age as a possible risk factor in the development of reduced testosterone levels.
KW - Chronic disease
KW - Diet
KW - Hypogonadism
KW - Testosterone
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84933034346&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/2150131913520234
DO - 10.1177/2150131913520234
M3 - Article
C2 - 24468578
AN - SCOPUS:84933034346
SN - 2150-1319
VL - 5
SP - 173
EP - 179
JO - Journal of Primary Care and Community Health
JF - Journal of Primary Care and Community Health
IS - 3
ER -