Structure-activity relationship of 6-methylidene penems bearing tricyclic heterocycles as broad-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitors: Crystallographic structures show unexpected binding of 1,4-thiazepine intermediates

The design and synthesis of a series of seven tricyclic 6-methylidene penems as novel class A and C serine β-lactamase inhibitors is described. These compounds proved to be very potent inhibitors of the TEM-1 and AmpC β-lactamases and less so against the class B metallo-β-lactamase CcrA. In combination with piperacillin, their in vitro activities enhanced susceptibility of all class C resistant strains from various bacteria. Crystallographic structures of a serine-bound reaction intermediate of 17 with the class A SHV-1 and class C GC1 enzymes have been established to resolutions of 2.0 and 1.4 Å, respectively, and refined to R-factors equal 0.163 and 0.145. In both β-lactamases, a seven-membered 1,4-thiazepine ring has formed. The stereogenic C7 atom in the ring has the R configuration in the SHV-1 intermediate and has both R and S configurations in the GC1 intermediate. Hydrophobic stacking interactions between the tricyclic C7 substituent and a tyrosine side chain, rather than electrostatic or hydrogen bonding by the C3 carboxylic acid group, dominate in both complexes. The formation of the 1,4- thiazepine ring structures is proposed based on a 7-endo-trig cyclization.