Occupational health and safety measures of multifunctional nanoparticles in biomedical research and beyond

Nanomaterials offer promising solutions for challenging issues in all areas of science, and particularly in health care. Understanding how the unique properties of multifunctional nanoparticles are defined based on their composition, size, shape, and surface properties is a challenge. Hence it is difficult to recognize, evaluate, and anticipate potential environmental, health, and safety risks associated with manufacture and application of nanomaterials. Even though the research and development of multifunctional nanomaterials are increasing tremendously, the studies on nanotoxicity and occupational safety stays very low. In this chapter, the authors address this concern and share a summary of available solutions and activities supported by various researchers and organizations across the world. Risk assessment and risk management involve hazard identification process, the hierarchy of control is outlined for multifunctional nanomaterials. Increasing research attention is focused on gaining information about exposure routes, toxicity, and exposure levels of nanomaterials. Several knowledge gaps exist on safe handling of these materials. In the United States, occupational safety research is led by the Nanotechnology Research Center. Nanotechnology application safety guidelines are developed based on the research outcomes and are shared with the global research community. A review of global nanosafety endeavors is also provided in this chapter.