TY - JOUR
T1 - Cognition and the Predictive Utility of Three Risk Scores in an Ethnically Diverse Sample
AU - Torres, Stephanie
AU - Alexander, Angel
AU - O'Bryant, Sid
AU - Medina, Luis D.
N1 - Funding Information:
Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01AG054073 and by a Summer Undergraduate Psychology Research Experience Grant (G0502934) from the American Psychological Association. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the American Psychological Association.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - Background: Various factors, such as age, cardiovascular concerns, and lifestyle patterns, are associated with risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Risk scores model predictive risk of developing a disease (e.g., dementia, stroke). Many of these scores have been primarily developed in largely non-Hispanic/Latino (non-H/L) White samples and little is known about their applicability in ethno-racially diverse populations. Objective: The primary aim was to examine the relationship between three established risk scores and cognitive performance. These relationships were compared across ethnic groups. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a multi-ethnic, rural-dwelling group of participants (Mage = 61.6±12.6 years, range: 40-96 years; 373F:168M; 39.7% H/L). The Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE), Framingham Risk Score (FRS), and Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) score were calculated for each participant. Results: All three scores were significantly associated with cognition in both H/L and non-H/L groups. In H/Ls, cognition was predicted by FRS: β= -0.08, p = 0.022; CAIDE: β= -0.08, p < 0.001; and WHICAP: β= -0.04, p < 0.001. In non-H/Ls, cognition was predicted by FRS: β= -0.11, p < 0.001; CAIDE: β= -0.14, p < 0.001; and WHICAP: β= -0.08, p < 0.001. The strength of this relationship differed between groups for FRS [t(246) = -4.61, p < 0.001] and CAIDE [t(420) = -3.20, p = 0.001], but not for WHICAP [t(384) = -1.03, p = 0.30], which already includes ethnicity in its calculation. Conclusion: These findings support the utility of these three risk scores in predicting cognition while underscoring the need to account for ethnicity. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of cardiovascular and other demographic factors in predicting cognitive outcomes.
AB - Background: Various factors, such as age, cardiovascular concerns, and lifestyle patterns, are associated with risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Risk scores model predictive risk of developing a disease (e.g., dementia, stroke). Many of these scores have been primarily developed in largely non-Hispanic/Latino (non-H/L) White samples and little is known about their applicability in ethno-racially diverse populations. Objective: The primary aim was to examine the relationship between three established risk scores and cognitive performance. These relationships were compared across ethnic groups. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a multi-ethnic, rural-dwelling group of participants (Mage = 61.6±12.6 years, range: 40-96 years; 373F:168M; 39.7% H/L). The Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE), Framingham Risk Score (FRS), and Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) score were calculated for each participant. Results: All three scores were significantly associated with cognition in both H/L and non-H/L groups. In H/Ls, cognition was predicted by FRS: β= -0.08, p = 0.022; CAIDE: β= -0.08, p < 0.001; and WHICAP: β= -0.04, p < 0.001. In non-H/Ls, cognition was predicted by FRS: β= -0.11, p < 0.001; CAIDE: β= -0.14, p < 0.001; and WHICAP: β= -0.08, p < 0.001. The strength of this relationship differed between groups for FRS [t(246) = -4.61, p < 0.001] and CAIDE [t(420) = -3.20, p = 0.001], but not for WHICAP [t(384) = -1.03, p = 0.30], which already includes ethnicity in its calculation. Conclusion: These findings support the utility of these three risk scores in predicting cognition while underscoring the need to account for ethnicity. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of cardiovascular and other demographic factors in predicting cognitive outcomes.
KW - Aging
KW - Hispanic Americans
KW - cognition
KW - dementia
KW - minority health
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85086051449&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3233/JAD-191284
DO - 10.3233/JAD-191284
M3 - Article
C2 - 32390625
AN - SCOPUS:85086051449
SN - 1387-2877
VL - 75
SP - 1049
EP - 1059
JO - Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
JF - Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
IS - 3
ER -