Abstract
Cholesterol sulfate (CS) is one of the most important known sterol sulfates in human plasma and it is present as a normal constituent in a variety of human tissues. In both the brain and periphery, CS serves as a substrate for the synthesis of sulfonated adrenal steroids such as pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate and as a constituent of many biological membranes including red blood cells where it functions as a stabilizing agent. It also acts as an endogenous regulator of cholesterol synthesis. However, the role of CS in brain metabolism and neurological disorder is unclear. In the current study we investigated the neuroprotective action of CS as well as its role in brain energy metabolism. The neuroprotective effect of CS and its role on cell metabolism were determined in primary astrocyte prepared from the cortex of postnatal day 0–2 C57BL/6 pups and a hippocampal HT-22 cell line using Calcein AM and MTT cell viability assay, flow cytometry, Seahorse extracellular flux analysis, and metabolism assay kits. We found that CS attenuates glutamate and rotenone induced cell death in HT-22 cells, decrease glutamate induced mitochondria membrane potential collapse, and reactive oxygen species production. Additionally, CS activates the Akt/Bcl2 pathway. We observed that CS impacts astrocyte metabolism by increasing mitochondrial phosphorylation, ATP, and glycogen contents. Our study demonstrated that CS modulates brain energy metabolism and its neuroprotective effects might be due to the activation of Akt signaling or its ability to decrease reactive oxygen species production.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 146378 |
| Journal | Brain Research |
| Volume | 1723 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 15 Nov 2019 |
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Keywords
- Astrocytes
- Cholesterol sulfate
- Metabolism
- Neuroprotection
- Oxidative stress
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Cholesterol sulfate alters astrocyte metabolism and provides protection against oxidative stress. / Prah, Jude; Winters, Ali; Chaudhari, Kiran; Hersh, Jessica; Liu, Ran; Yang, Shao Hua.
In: Brain Research, Vol. 1723, 146378, 15.11.2019.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
TY - JOUR
T1 - Cholesterol sulfate alters astrocyte metabolism and provides protection against oxidative stress
AU - Prah, Jude
AU - Winters, Ali
AU - Chaudhari, Kiran
AU - Hersh, Jessica
AU - Liu, Ran
AU - Yang, Shao Hua
PY - 2019/11/15
Y1 - 2019/11/15
N2 - Cholesterol sulfate (CS) is one of the most important known sterol sulfates in human plasma and it is present as a normal constituent in a variety of human tissues. In both the brain and periphery, CS serves as a substrate for the synthesis of sulfonated adrenal steroids such as pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate and as a constituent of many biological membranes including red blood cells where it functions as a stabilizing agent. It also acts as an endogenous regulator of cholesterol synthesis. However, the role of CS in brain metabolism and neurological disorder is unclear. In the current study we investigated the neuroprotective action of CS as well as its role in brain energy metabolism. The neuroprotective effect of CS and its role on cell metabolism were determined in primary astrocyte prepared from the cortex of postnatal day 0–2 C57BL/6 pups and a hippocampal HT-22 cell line using Calcein AM and MTT cell viability assay, flow cytometry, Seahorse extracellular flux analysis, and metabolism assay kits. We found that CS attenuates glutamate and rotenone induced cell death in HT-22 cells, decrease glutamate induced mitochondria membrane potential collapse, and reactive oxygen species production. Additionally, CS activates the Akt/Bcl2 pathway. We observed that CS impacts astrocyte metabolism by increasing mitochondrial phosphorylation, ATP, and glycogen contents. Our study demonstrated that CS modulates brain energy metabolism and its neuroprotective effects might be due to the activation of Akt signaling or its ability to decrease reactive oxygen species production.
AB - Cholesterol sulfate (CS) is one of the most important known sterol sulfates in human plasma and it is present as a normal constituent in a variety of human tissues. In both the brain and periphery, CS serves as a substrate for the synthesis of sulfonated adrenal steroids such as pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate and as a constituent of many biological membranes including red blood cells where it functions as a stabilizing agent. It also acts as an endogenous regulator of cholesterol synthesis. However, the role of CS in brain metabolism and neurological disorder is unclear. In the current study we investigated the neuroprotective action of CS as well as its role in brain energy metabolism. The neuroprotective effect of CS and its role on cell metabolism were determined in primary astrocyte prepared from the cortex of postnatal day 0–2 C57BL/6 pups and a hippocampal HT-22 cell line using Calcein AM and MTT cell viability assay, flow cytometry, Seahorse extracellular flux analysis, and metabolism assay kits. We found that CS attenuates glutamate and rotenone induced cell death in HT-22 cells, decrease glutamate induced mitochondria membrane potential collapse, and reactive oxygen species production. Additionally, CS activates the Akt/Bcl2 pathway. We observed that CS impacts astrocyte metabolism by increasing mitochondrial phosphorylation, ATP, and glycogen contents. Our study demonstrated that CS modulates brain energy metabolism and its neuroprotective effects might be due to the activation of Akt signaling or its ability to decrease reactive oxygen species production.
KW - Astrocytes
KW - Cholesterol sulfate
KW - Metabolism
KW - Neuroprotection
KW - Oxidative stress
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85070854694&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146378
DO - 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146378
M3 - Article
C2 - 31425677
AN - SCOPUS:85070854694
VL - 1723
JO - Brain Research
JF - Brain Research
SN - 0006-8993
M1 - 146378
ER -