Calcium-induced troponin flexibility revealed by distance distribution measurements between engineered sites

The contraction of vertebrate striated muscle is regulated by Ca²⁺ binding to troponin C (TnC). This causes conformational changes which alter the interaction of TnC with the inhibitory protein TnI and the tropomyosin- binding protein TnT. We have used the frequency domain method of fluorescence resonance energy transfer to measure TnT-TnC and TnT-TnI distances and distance distributions, in the presence of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, or EGTA, in TnC · TnI · TnT complexes. We reconstituted functional, ternary troponin complexes using the following recombinant subunits whose sequences were based on those of rabbit skeletal muscle: wild-type TnC; TnT₂₅, a mutant C-terminal 25- kDa fragment of TnT containing a single Trp²¹² which was used as the sole donor for fluorescence energy transfer measurements; Trp-less ThI mutants which contained either no Cys or a single Cys at position 9, 96, or 117. Energy acceptor groups were introduced into TnC or TnI by labeling with dansyl aziridine or N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(1-sulfo-5-naphthyl)ethylenediamine. Our results indicate that the troponin complex is relatively rigid in relaxed muscle, but becomes much more flexible when Ca²⁺ binds to regulatory sites in TnC. This increased flexibility may be propagated to the whole thin filament, releasing the inhibition of actomyosin ATPase activity and allowing the muscle to contract. This is the first report of distance distribution measurements between troponin subunits.